Tracing the legacy: A brief exploration of ceramics in the Philippines

Carriers with water pots, in Iloilo (1899). Image: Wikipedia

I was born in the Philippines and came to the U.S. at the age of 5. My father, an artist in fine art, comics, fashion illustration, and architecture, has consistently drawn inspiration for his work from our homeland. Now, at 86, the central theme of all his paintings remains his mother country.

Since ceramics plays such a big role in my everyday, I was eager to explore the history of ceramics in the Philippines. Learning about this aspect of my heritage has given me a deeper appreciation for the artistic traditions that tie me to my culture. I’m thrilled I took the dive—I've gained so much insight!

Ceramics, a long-standing artistic tradition, has greatly influenced Filipino culture. This blog post takes a concise journey through the history of ceramics in this archipelago, from ancient roots to contemporary expressions.

Manunggul Jar. Image: Wikipedia.

Ancient Origins

In pre-colonial times, indigenous communities in the Philippines crafted pottery for both practical and ceremonial purposes, utilizing traditional hand-building and coiling techniques. Skilled artisans demonstrated a profound understanding of clay and firing methods. Notable examples of ancient Philippine ceramics are the "Manunggul Jar," a burial jar adorned with intricate anthropomorphic figures (pictured above), and the "Calatagan Pot," recognized for its distinctive black-on-red geometric patterns. These artifacts showcase both the skilled craftsmanship and cultural importance of ceramics in pre-colonial Philippine history.

Chinese porcelain in the Philippines - 15th c. Image: Wikipedia

The Chinese Connection

During the 9th to 16th centuries, the Philippines became a vital link in the maritime Silk Road, connecting China to the rest of Southeast Asia. This period saw the influx of Chinese ceramics into the archipelago, influencing local pottery styles. The blue-and-white porcelain, in particular, left an indelible mark on Filipino ceramics, sparking a fusion of artistic traditions.

Spanish Colonial Era

The arrival of Spanish colonizers in the 16th century brought about significant changes to the Philippines, including the introduction of European pottery techniques. The blending of local and Spanish influences gave rise to a distinctive style known as "Majolica" or tin-glazed earthenware. A tin-glazed surface refers to a type of ceramic glaze that contains tin oxide. When applied to pottery before firing, this glaze creates a smooth, glossy finish that is often opaque and white. It is called "tin-glazed" because of the tin oxide used in the glaze recipe. This type of glaze is commonly used to decorate pottery and is known for its ability to showcase vibrant colors and intricate designs. This fusion of cultures birthed a new chapter in the evolution of Philippine ceramics.

Colonial Pottery Centers

During the Spanish colonial period, pottery centers such as Cebu and Pampanga, a province located just north of Manila, (where my mother is from) became focal points for production, each contributing to the diverse landscape of ceramic art. The town of Mexico in Pampanga, in particular, has been renowned for its pottery industry for centuries. These centers not only sustained the craft but also became vital to local economies. Pampanga continues to be recognized as a significant hub for pottery in the Philippines, albeit on a smaller scale compared to its historical prominence.

Japanese Occupation and World War II

The 20th century brought challenges to the ceramic tradition in the Philippines. The Japanese occupation during World War II disrupted the continuity of pottery-making, but resilient artisans persevered, preserving and reviving the craft in the post-war years.

Contemporary Resurgence

In recent decades, there has been a revival of interest in traditional crafts, including ceramics. Filipino artists and potters, both traditional and contemporary, are rediscovering and reinventing ancient techniques. Today, a vibrant and diverse ceramic landscape blends indigenous aesthetics with global influences.

The history of ceramics in the Philippines encapsulates resilience, adaptation, and creativity. From ancient practices to colonial influences and modern expressions, the evolution of Filipino ceramics reflects the nation's dynamic cultural tapestry.